Industrial Revolution
European developments in economic terms can not be separated from one fragment of history known as the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution first appeared in England, which eventually spread throughout Europe. Revolution in England is essentially a change in the way the manufacture of goods which was originally done by hand (manpower) developed into the work machine. Thus, the goods can be produced in large quantities with a relatively short time.
Industrial development in Europe can not be separated from changes in the map trade from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean coast. Besides the emergence of Turkish Islamic empire, finding the way to India and China via the Cape of Good Hope, and the discovery of the way to the U.S., also influence the development of industrialization in Europe. There are several things that causes the development of this industry.
One is the emergence of the working class. The background of the emergence of the working class is the number of the villagers, especially the farmers, who went to the city to find work. Given this, it has fulfilled one of the requirements to expand the industry. But on the other hand, the abundance of the workers cause wage rates or labor to be cheap. The second condition which led to the development of the gold industry is the flow coming from the colony. The existence of a large gold flows used to cover purposes agricultural company, where there is still a huge advantage. Industrial development is also supported by the expansion of traffic and transport, which is funded by the profits gained from the colonies.
The Industrial Revolution in England is supported by the findings of machines supporting industrial activities. At first tools supporting industrial activities is less noticed. This is because, first, there is no capital to run the discovery, and second, there is no need to use new discoveries. Discoveries that form the basis of the industrial revolution can be found in the field of textile, mining and smelting of iron. One of the most important inventions was the steam engine. In 1733 John Kay found the coil fly, which eventually evolved into a loom that can work more quickly and to set the width of the fabric. In 1764, Hargreaves managed to make a tool that is able to spin the spinner as well as dozens of rolls of yarn and can issue a finer thread. Thus, the price of cloth became cheaper and of better quality. Both of these tools are still moved by human power.
When the loom has been progressing, the loom is still lagging behind. This was answered by Cartwright who invented weaving machines in 1785. The discovery is the discovery of a powerful steam engine by James Watt in 1782. Before James Watt was there anyone else who started a steam engine, but it is not patented. With the invention of the steam engine, the industry is driven by the power of the engine began to replace human labor. The use of the steam engine makes it possible to transport development. The first steamer that can really be used is a ship wheel called Clermont, Robert Fulton used in the Hudson River for a demonstration.
Land transportation was developed. In 1829, George Stephenson can make the first locomotive. A year later, Stephenson drove the first iron railway between Liverpool and Manchester with a speed of 19-46 km / h. With this discovery, several cities in the UK have to be connected by rail.
Given these findings, aspects of daily life changes in depth, because everything can be done quickly. In addition, an intensive international relations take place thus increasing the volume of trade between countries. The existence of these discoveries also led to the production of a variety of objects of daily necessities or luxury goods on a large scale, which formerly only held by a small group in the community. In the social field there is also a big shift. Adherents reject any liberal economic policy of state intervention in the company, because it is considered as a constraint. As a result, employers and owners of factories allow men, women, and children worked hard in a company full of danger and wages a bit, so it can not live properly.
The industrial revolution also had an impact out. In accordance with the principles of liberal economy, the factory owners vying to make a profit. The desire to collect profit maximization to be the birth of modern capitalism capital. In modern capitalism, the owners of capital as well as producers, traders and distributors. As a producer, he needs raw materials, sedangan as a trader, he needs to sell his wares market. On the basis of this, that arises imperialism and colonialism, the colony looking as possible is used to take the raw materials as well as markets.
Another consequence of the industrial revolution was the emergence of industrial central cities. The centers of this industry to attract visitors from out of town so that the resulting urbanization. Generally, they are farmers who have lost their livelihoods as farmers. In the industrial cities, they sell low-paid workers. As a result of this settlement, and less assured of their health, causing social problems such as labor movements.
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