HISTORIOGRAPHY IN INDONESIA

A. Some Historical Studies Trends in Indonesia

Along the development, historiography Indonesia is also experiencing growth. In the preparation of Indonesian historiography generation of historians today are faced with the social changes both evolutionary and revolutionary. The changes that move with the increasingly rapid pace, opening new vistas for the historian. On the one hand awareness of the historicity of the objects express a matter of when, where, and what happens. Here the uniqueness factor of events, actions and personae are concerned. Reconstruction of history as a story by using the incidence of human action and the dramatic personae, all interwoven in a series that highlight the unique nature of the events. Starting from this, the emerging narrative method to describe the events that have occurred.

     In addition to the narrative method then comes the method of developmentalism, which will see the patterns of development, continuity and changes. Without prejudice to the narrative history and historiography are directed to the events that are unique, the reconstruction of the history of Indonesia needs to pay attention to those aspects of development.

     In outline, the results of the writing of history can be divided into two broad categories, namely historical narrative and non-narrative history. Want to make a narrative history of the past with the description reconstruct "what happened" and is described as a story, or in other words "events" important selected and arranged by chronology or the time axis such that it is structured as a story (story). Non-narrative history does not make up a story but focused on the issue, or in other words the problem oriented. Kind of history style neoscientific is inclined to more research on issues of social and economic rather than political issues, so that has an implication that there is equalization of individuals, then push towards democratization in the sense that the role of small or ordinary people who have not received the place of his role in history.

     To reveal the history of the role of indigenous people as dramatic personae necessary preparation microhistorical and social-scientific methodology in order to unfold the various dimensions and aspects of the lives of the natives. One indigenous groups who have a significant role in history was the peasants. Disciplines of anthropology, sociology, political science, and history devoted much attention to the rural community and the role of farmers. Of these farmers, may be assessed on the elements contained in it such as social structure, social change, and others.

     Systematic studies of the social structure, social change, which includes an analysis of change in organizations, institutions, values, will greatly help provide information about the process of economic growth, industrialization, and modernization in general. Social-scientific approach will reveal new dimensions, inspired by a new conceptual issues, awareness of new connections, new techniques that can be applied to historical data, the new imagination in making the approach to social relationships and mental attitude.

B. Principal lines and Historiography Development Patterns Indonesia

     Each generation writes its own history. Starting from this sentence it is necessary to review the history of history, meaning the road as well as the direction or trend of thought and writing about the past, so it would seem from the historical pattern of development. In the past historians have a function to interpret and carry on the tradition of his people, and how the lines of cultural development and mayarakatnya. It is essential in thinking about history is how his views on the development of mankind in general and the role of the nation in it. In making this diagnosis historians can make interpretation of misleading the nation and the country. Which is very dangerous if historiography is experiencing aberration or aberrations national cause chauvinistic views.

    Indonesian historiography development is inseparable from the growth of historiography and of history in general. The issue that directly concerns the historiography Indonesia, among others differentiation in the fields of history, like the history of social movements, international relations, social structure, so the increasingly close relationship between the history of the social sciences, whereas the methodology taking an increasingly important role.

   History of historiography will be able to highlight the contents of philosophical-theoretical research and the writing of history, open method of cultivating material historical and presentations, ideas that bind the facts as a whole is significant, ways to assess and interpret, and that is very important is the view of life ( Weltanschauung) of historians. Historiography vary by country, his time, and the personality of the historian. Studying the history of historiography was not prioritizing aspects of the substantive-factual history, but will focus more attention to the thoughts cultural historical context that enhances the ability to create views (self-reviewing) and improvement (self correcting) as well as the assessment means.

On development, an outline of the historiography of Indonesia is divided into three major sections, namely:

1. Traditional historiography
2. Colonial historiography
3. Modern historiography

1. Traditional Historiography

    Most traditional historiography contains measures not from man, but from the gods, so the theogony and cosmogony which explains the forces of nature and personified as deities. Traditional historiography dominated by ethnocentric views. All events revolve around the kingdom with the king as the center. Traditional historiography with social functions psychologically to give the public a cohesion among others by strengthening the position of the dynasty which became the center of power. The central notch being king yielded insights rajasentrisme cause regiosentrisme spatial scope. One example of traditional historiography is Negarakertagama. Negarakertagama can be seen from the structure of the economic, social, and political communities in the kingdom of Majapahit, social stratification, and its bureaucratic hierarchy.

2. colonial Historiography

     Indonesian historiography development can not be separated from the historiographical literature produced by colonial historians. Basically view of colonial historiography emphasized the prominent features, namely Nederlandosentrisme Eropasentrisme particular and in general. Colonial historiography itself highlight the role of the Dutch people and put pressure on the political, economic, and institutional. Interpretation of the colonial era tends to make mitologisasi of dominance, citing colonial wars as pacification effort areas, which actually make a resistance to the defense community and culture.

3. Modern Historiography

     A new period in the development of Indonesian historiography begins with the onset of a critical historical study. In writing about the history of critical utilized the principles of historical method. Critical historical studies would also need help from other disciplines to sharpen the analysis. This is the implication of a start at least the role of textual analysis with the help of philology to the study of the history of modern Indonesia. Here that needs fixing is the analytical tools and methodological. Starting from this, then some of the disciplines of the social sciences began to be included in the study of history.

     The concept of national history as a macro unit is a frame of reference for the history of the local / regional level which can be regarded as a micro unit. National history as a macro-history includes interactions between micro-units, among others through shipping, trade, war, religious broadcasting or demanding subjects, the relationship between the national institutions, such as political parties. National history is not the amount of local history, but processes or events at the level of local history is explained in conjunction with the national process. (M. Mujibur Rohman)